Long form thinking on architecture, debugging, AI in production, and the messy intersection of code and business. The trade-offs, failures, and decisions that do not fit into tutorials.
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Duplicate charges are one of the most damaging bugs in any checkout, and the code usually looks correct. This guide explains why duplicate payments happen and shows you, step by step with code, how to prevent duplicate payments on any stack.

A client's support agent worked perfectly in the demo, then refunded three customers twice in its first week. Here is how I turned that flaky prototype into production-ready AI agents using idempotency, validation, guardrails, and full observability.